Transcript: Episode 0092
This transcript:
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WEBVTT 00:00:37.392 --> 00:00:39.712Welcome to the Stone Choir Podcast. 00:00:39.712 --> 00:00:40.752 I am Corey J. 00:00:40.752 --> 00:00:41.832 Mahler. 00:00:41.832 --> 00:00:44.032 And I'm still Woe. 00:00:44.032 --> 00:00:50.292 On today's Stone Choir, we're going to be discussing conflicts of interest or conflicted interest. 00:00:50.292 --> 00:00:57.692 For anyone who is joining us after the break that we took for December, thank you for checking out the back catalog and for coming back. 00:00:57.692 --> 00:01:00.232 The break was very helpful for my sanity. 00:01:00.232 --> 00:01:04.032 Thank you for the folks who gave some very generous donations just before and after Christmas. 00:01:04.032 --> 00:01:05.012 We appreciate that a lot. 00:01:05.732 --> 00:01:11.932 And if you just joined us, we are not the fire bomb throwing maniacs that everybody says we are. 00:01:11.932 --> 00:01:15.732 So you start listening like that's not remotely what I was told. 00:01:15.732 --> 00:01:34.292 One of the reasons that we're doing this week's episode about conflicted interest is that we want to basically make the case that there are people in participation of the public discourse of the conversations that are going on, both in public and in private, who should not be permitted to participate. 00:01:35.112 --> 00:01:42.272 There are people that need to be forced to shut up, not necessarily told to shut up unless they persist. 00:01:42.272 --> 00:01:47.712 But we have this egalitarian notion that everyone has to have their say and everyone has to participate. 00:01:47.712 --> 00:01:53.652 And there can be no possible discernment or regard for any particular man's motivations. 00:01:53.652 --> 00:01:59.592 You just say your piece, and it doesn't matter what sort of baggage or backstory anyone brings to the table. 00:01:59.592 --> 00:02:04.012 Everyone, for every conversation, you're just completely starting from scratch, which is just crazy. 00:02:04.092 --> 00:02:07.432 That's not how human anything has ever worked. 00:02:07.432 --> 00:02:15.532 So we're going to make the case today for a very basic principle that you find in the court system, you find in the civil law and contracts. 00:02:15.532 --> 00:02:23.092 And more generally, it's something that I think we intuit some, but we do not apply it as rigorously as we should. 00:02:23.092 --> 00:02:31.072 And so we're going to lay out some basic principles today for how to determine when something is a conflict of interest, when you have a conflicted interest. 00:02:31.772 --> 00:02:49.912 And again, the point is that when these things are detected, you have to change your attitude towards the person who's speaking, because the presence of one of these conflicts, conflict doesn't mean they're conflicted emotionally, and so they're in turmoil or something. 00:02:49.912 --> 00:03:03.292 What it means is that they have two competing duties, and those competing duties are going to be waging war within that individual in a way that's probably going to be invisible to you, but it's going to be shaping what they do in such a way that you can't trust their outputs. 00:03:03.292 --> 00:03:04.712 It doesn't mean they're a bad person. 00:03:04.712 --> 00:03:06.332 It doesn't mean they're a liar. 00:03:06.332 --> 00:03:10.752 There's no negative moral connotation to someone having a conflict of interest. 00:03:10.752 --> 00:03:20.392 It simply means that for this particular set of circumstances, this guy you shouldn't listen to just because he's got something else going on that you don't. 00:03:20.392 --> 00:03:23.392 So that's the purpose of the episode. 00:03:23.392 --> 00:03:31.172 We often see everyone wants to get at the table and have his voice made public for everyone to hear and be taken seriously. 00:03:31.172 --> 00:03:39.032 But when you start looking at the backgrounds, the genealogies of the men who are making those points, some wild things often emerge. 00:03:39.032 --> 00:03:52.712 And Corey and I have both seen this go on for years now, where every time somebody comes after us for some particular subject and we'll get into a couple of those, it's inevitable that we'll find something in their personal backstory that shows that they have a bias. 00:03:52.712 --> 00:03:56.092 They have a conflict of interest that will cause them to oppose us. 00:03:56.532 --> 00:04:08.492 Regardless of principle, regardless of whether we're right or wrong, we're making some scriptural argument, they have a competing interest because what we're saying indicts them somehow. 00:04:08.492 --> 00:04:14.432 Not that it's a personal attack, it's just this is wrong and this person was doing something that we're saying is wrong. 00:04:14.432 --> 00:04:29.232 When they defend the thing that we're saying is wrong and they don't disclose that they're guilty of doing it, guilt is begging the question, maybe they're not guilty of anything, but the question is, if the thing is wrong and this person is doing it, they should tell you that they're one of the people doing the thing. 00:04:29.232 --> 00:04:31.732 Say, I'm doing this and so here's why it's not at all wrong. 00:04:31.732 --> 00:04:33.132 That would at least be honest. 00:04:33.132 --> 00:04:34.892 That would be a disclosure of, you know what? 00:04:34.892 --> 00:04:38.732 I've been a participant in this thing for years, let me tell you how it's fine. 00:04:38.732 --> 00:04:43.672 That would be an honest approach of saying, look, here's my personal bias, here's where I'm coming from. 00:04:43.672 --> 00:04:46.352 But that's never anyone's opening salvo. 00:04:46.352 --> 00:04:50.932 And we try to make it a key part of when we make arguments. 00:04:51.752 --> 00:04:54.092 Many people have been going back and listening to the back catalog. 00:04:54.092 --> 00:04:58.952 In fact, our bandwidth for the last month where we didn't have an episode was as high as if we had. 00:04:58.952 --> 00:05:00.152 There's so many people going back. 00:05:00.152 --> 00:05:05.892 Because when you get into every episode that we've done, there's some meat there, there's something that's worth re-listening to. 00:05:05.892 --> 00:05:08.952 The stuff is evergreen, like we succeeded in that. 00:05:08.952 --> 00:05:16.992 One of the things you'll very frequently hear us say is that we're not trying to defend ourselves by making some particular argument. 00:05:16.992 --> 00:05:26.912 We did an episode where just as an aside, I mentioned for a couple of minutes talking about interracial marriages and the laws in the past, because we had been attacked for criticizing that. 00:05:26.912 --> 00:05:38.212 And I sort of abruptly ended my explanation by saying, I'm not trying to defend our position, I'm just trying to explain, there is an argument to be made that these guys don't want you to hear. 00:05:38.212 --> 00:05:41.572 And so I wasn't trying to defend what we said, I wasn't trying to convince anyone. 00:05:41.572 --> 00:05:49.712 And you'll hear me often say that where I'll say some of the effect that I'm not trying to make myself look good or trying to defend what we're doing. 00:05:49.712 --> 00:05:55.212 The reason for that is this, is that there's a conflict of interest in me telling you I'm a good guy. 00:05:55.212 --> 00:05:56.612 That's inherently conflicted. 00:05:56.612 --> 00:06:00.032 Because every man naturally wants everyone to think he's a good guy. 00:06:00.032 --> 00:06:01.852 No one wants to be hated and despised. 00:06:01.852 --> 00:06:03.592 You want people to think well of you. 00:06:03.592 --> 00:06:08.012 It's a pretty weird messed up person who actively wants to be hated. 00:06:08.012 --> 00:06:14.912 So for Cory or me to say, look, we're the good guys actually, here's all the reasons why we're good guys, that's completely conflicted. 00:06:15.072 --> 00:06:18.512 So we don't make those arguments because we know it's not convincing. 00:06:18.512 --> 00:06:24.032 I don't want anyone to get used to being convinced by unconvincing arguments, even if they're from us. 00:06:24.032 --> 00:06:30.532 So we'll point to things like here's a case where we are saying we're not guilty of anything, but that's also us defending ourselves. 00:06:30.532 --> 00:06:34.372 So you can't take that seriously just at face value. 00:06:34.372 --> 00:06:47.672 The distinction when you're looking at conflict of interest is that there are motivations and there are maybe hidden facts, and then there are public facts that someone can bring to bear, and there are opinions. 00:06:47.672 --> 00:06:59.172 So for example, if I make an argument that people find super offensive, maybe I can lay out facts for here is why the argument is grounded in history and scripture or whatever. 00:06:59.172 --> 00:07:08.592 But if I have been positioned as the loathsome participant, I'm naturally going to be conflicted by trying to convince you I'm not loathsome. 00:07:08.592 --> 00:07:23.212 So the most that I can do at that point, once it's turned into a personality conflict and not just a discussion of ideas, which is how these things always end up when the fire is incoming, the most that we can do is lay out the facts, lay out the arguments. 00:07:23.212 --> 00:07:31.392 We always have to acknowledge when we make an argument, we're doing it in such a way that will exonerate us as being evil. 00:07:31.392 --> 00:07:40.692 And so it's an inherent part of these episodes where we're tackling controversial subjects that people don't like and they get upset about. 00:07:40.692 --> 00:07:45.592 If we convince you, we're also secondarily convincing you that we're not the bad guys. 00:07:45.592 --> 00:07:49.812 And we would never even have to do that if not for the volume of slander that's been directed. 00:07:49.812 --> 00:08:01.512 So it's sort of unavoidable that to talk about the subject, to convince someone, they're going to conclude, well, if that guy was right about that and he wasn't doing anything that was really wrong, I'm not sure why I should hate him. 00:08:01.512 --> 00:08:04.412 There's a conflict of interest for us to try to make you really like us. 00:08:04.412 --> 00:08:05.772 And I don't want to be likeable. 00:08:06.112 --> 00:08:10.312 I'm not a dislikable guy, but that's not the purpose of anything that we do. 00:08:10.312 --> 00:08:13.072 Our purpose is to convey information. 00:08:13.072 --> 00:08:15.892 And a lot of people take that the wrong way. 00:08:15.892 --> 00:08:17.552 And some people take it the right way. 00:08:17.552 --> 00:08:19.372 Nothing we can do about it. 00:08:19.372 --> 00:08:23.612 It's personally important to me to play with my cards face up on all these things. 00:08:23.612 --> 00:08:25.772 I like doing this stuff on hard mode. 00:08:25.772 --> 00:08:28.712 Like saying, here's everything wrong with me personally. 00:08:28.712 --> 00:08:32.452 Here's everything weak about this position and it still survives. 00:08:32.452 --> 00:08:38.072 You can put the least favorable light on some of the things that we say and it's still true. 00:08:38.072 --> 00:08:41.432 I'm fine with that because that's a convincing argument. 00:08:41.432 --> 00:08:42.832 Even if you hate me, it's funny. 00:08:42.832 --> 00:08:49.032 There are a lot of people on X that I see who block me and don't like me and don't like Corey and don't like Stone Choir. 00:08:49.032 --> 00:09:00.292 We're not quoting us indirectly, but they're quoting people who are saying exactly the things that we're saying and they're saying things that made them hate us and block us in the first place and yet now they agree. 00:09:00.292 --> 00:09:07.452 That's a natural part of persuasion is that sometimes you make a dent and people just sort of move on with their lives and they forget where they got it. 00:09:07.452 --> 00:09:13.812 So the person who has been slandered can never hope to recover his name. 00:09:13.812 --> 00:09:22.952 And the person who is concealing that he has some purpose is doing something dishonest by not disclosing those things. 00:09:22.952 --> 00:09:30.152 So as we go through this today, we just want people to understand that it's important to detect when there's a conflict, to detect what an interest is. 00:09:30.792 --> 00:09:34.412 And then just to be rational about, well, I'll take the facts from that guy. 00:09:34.412 --> 00:09:37.332 And that's why our episodes are, you know, we make arguments. 00:09:37.332 --> 00:09:38.872 They're based around facts. 00:09:38.872 --> 00:09:44.792 And so we present, here's a package deal, take it or leave it, pick it apart, go discuss it amongst yourselves. 00:09:44.792 --> 00:09:46.012 And then we're not a part of it. 00:09:46.012 --> 00:09:48.352 We're not trying to invite ourselves into your lives or anything. 00:09:48.352 --> 00:09:50.892 It's just, this is important. 00:09:50.892 --> 00:09:53.572 Here's something that you can do with it. 00:09:53.572 --> 00:10:05.712 When you look at conflict of interest or conflicted interest, interest in this context that we're talking about is fundamentally about a person's purpose, a person's agenda, their values. 00:10:05.712 --> 00:10:12.892 They're things that they derive some good from versus suffering some harm for. 00:10:12.892 --> 00:10:17.372 So an example would be income, livelihood, reputation. 00:10:17.372 --> 00:10:30.812 Each of us has a natural interest in making money, having income, being able to eat, being able to clothe and feed and house yourself, and not being hated by your friends and neighbors, having a reputation that's a good reputation. 00:10:30.812 --> 00:10:32.172 That's a natural interest. 00:10:32.172 --> 00:10:34.072 There's nothing wrong or perverted about that. 00:10:34.072 --> 00:10:35.912 There's nothing untoward. 00:10:35.912 --> 00:10:37.532 It's just this is mine. 00:10:37.532 --> 00:10:39.432 We talked about that in the jealousy episode. 00:10:39.432 --> 00:10:44.232 You have things that are yours, yours particularly and uniquely and exclusively. 00:10:44.232 --> 00:10:46.852 Jealousy is about that which is exclusively yours. 00:10:46.852 --> 00:10:49.372 Your wife and your children are exclusively yours. 00:10:49.372 --> 00:10:54.752 They don't belong to anyone else, not to the state, not to your neighbor, not to anybody else but you. 00:10:54.752 --> 00:10:56.092 That's an interest. 00:10:56.092 --> 00:10:57.792 So there's nothing bad about having an interest. 00:10:58.532 --> 00:11:06.952 The conflict arises when two interests that you hold, whether or not you hold them equally, are themselves in opposition. 00:11:06.952 --> 00:11:08.332 And that's where the conflict comes in. 00:11:08.332 --> 00:11:26.092 So say, for example, you have a wife and you have kids, and you have your stuff, your life, and you get some new job offer that's going to be a lot more money, but it's going to involve moving, disrupting everything, making life harder on everybody else. 00:11:26.592 --> 00:11:28.172 But it's a really good job opportunity. 00:11:28.172 --> 00:11:30.552 If you were single, you'd be gone in a second. 00:11:30.552 --> 00:11:33.152 You wouldn't even think twice about leaving. 00:11:33.152 --> 00:11:37.572 But the conflict is that, well, your whole family is going to be along for the ride. 00:11:37.572 --> 00:11:40.752 And so, you know, it's not a bad situation. 00:11:40.752 --> 00:11:46.672 It's just you have to choose between potentially competing things that you're going to have to pick a winner. 00:11:46.672 --> 00:11:54.472 You're going to have to pick, do I inconvenience my family, my children, all their lives for something that's going to be good for me professionally? 00:11:55.092 --> 00:12:02.852 Now, the benefit of being a father and a husband is that generally, those things that benefit you will also at least trickle down and benefit your family. 00:12:02.852 --> 00:12:06.192 So that's not necessarily a hard sell, but there's still a conflict there. 00:12:06.192 --> 00:12:14.532 The thing that is a single guy would be just brain dead simple, gets a lot more complicated when someone else might be injured somehow by it. 00:12:14.532 --> 00:12:22.132 Not a serious injury, but you know, having to move kids and uproot your home and pack and like, it's stressful, it's hard, it's unpleasant. 00:12:22.132 --> 00:12:24.272 Especially once kids are in school, that's really difficult. 00:12:25.212 --> 00:12:27.112 I know I did it seven times. 00:12:27.112 --> 00:12:29.492 So that's not a desirable outcome. 00:12:29.492 --> 00:12:35.692 Maybe the job is worth it, especially if it's opening new career horizons, that's going to be good for the whole family. 00:12:35.692 --> 00:12:37.552 That's a conflict of interest. 00:12:37.552 --> 00:12:39.012 There's nothing bad there. 00:12:39.012 --> 00:12:45.072 It's not like you have two terrible options, you have two good options, and you have to weigh them and understand them. 00:12:45.072 --> 00:12:57.812 The reason for pointing out the things like that, and that's a very trivial example and it's an internal one, is that those conflicts have to be resolved, and they're going to be resolved by one winning and one losing. 00:12:57.812 --> 00:13:02.272 Now, hopefully, the winner is a big winner and the loser is a loser in a very small way. 00:13:02.272 --> 00:13:14.472 In the case of a job opportunity, sure, it's a mild inconvenience for your kids, but maybe if you're blessed, they're going to be closer to your extended family, you're going to be making a lot more money, so it's going to be able to go to college or whatever. 00:13:14.472 --> 00:13:17.992 It's going to be a huge net win with a tiny bit of downside. 00:13:18.752 --> 00:13:28.032 So, it's entirely possible to resolve a conflict of interest without sin, without any big blow up or disaster, but it's important to acknowledge that there's one there. 00:13:28.032 --> 00:13:32.772 The wrong approach would be to deny that there's any conflict of interest there at all. 00:13:32.772 --> 00:13:38.132 It's like, oh, I can make twice as much money doing something that I like a whole lot more, and it's going to be really good for me. 00:13:38.132 --> 00:13:39.392 Family, we're moving. 00:13:39.392 --> 00:13:46.212 If you completely disregard the downsides to your family, however small, relatively, you're doing something wrong. 00:13:46.212 --> 00:13:49.492 You're not acknowledging that there's competing interests there. 00:13:49.492 --> 00:13:56.452 And those are your interests too, because the welfare and the happiness of your wife and your children are also very important things to you. 00:13:56.452 --> 00:14:00.512 In the long run, they're more important than a job opportunity. 00:14:00.512 --> 00:14:06.052 But the thing is, with a job opportunity in particular, they're usually going to be somewhat aligned. 00:14:06.052 --> 00:14:13.952 Unless you're in a situation where you're going to make twice as much money because you're going to work twice as long, then maybe that would be something that would change the equation. 00:14:13.952 --> 00:14:16.352 There the conflict might be, it's not worth it. 00:14:16.352 --> 00:14:18.592 I'm never going to see my kids again if I do this. 00:14:18.592 --> 00:14:19.432 Sure, we'll be richer. 00:14:19.432 --> 00:14:21.012 We'll have a nicer house. 00:14:21.012 --> 00:14:25.292 But it's not worth missing out on seeing my own children grow up. 00:14:25.292 --> 00:14:31.912 So the purpose of acknowledging conflicts of interest exist is just to be honest about the situation. 00:14:31.912 --> 00:14:41.352 And then when we extrapolate that to when it's a third party that's doing something, then it gets really tricky because you have to weigh in and mentally on what somebody else's motivations are. 00:14:41.352 --> 00:14:46.852 You have to be looking from afar at someone who's internally conflicted, and maybe they're concealing it. 00:14:46.852 --> 00:14:59.492 And if you don't recognize what their internal conflict is, you're just going to listen to whatever they're saying, not realizing that they have motives to say something for one interest, that may be actually harming the other interest. 00:14:59.492 --> 00:15:01.832 And maybe you are more invested in the other interest. 00:15:01.832 --> 00:15:05.992 The thing that they're not worried about is the one that actually applies to you. 00:15:06.652 --> 00:15:15.812 And that's why it's a relevant conversation for all of us, because when we're all talking about these things publicly, to just leave that stuff out creates a mess. 00:15:15.812 --> 00:15:26.372 It creates a situation where you have some voice in your ear telling you to say or do or believe or act in some certain way, and they've not told you the truth about why they're telling you. 00:15:26.372 --> 00:15:33.752 It's simply a question of disclosure, because if they did tell you what they cared about, what their competing motivations were, maybe you wouldn't listen at all. 00:15:34.172 --> 00:15:37.212 And in fact, in some cases, you absolutely should not. 00:15:37.212 --> 00:15:43.012 There are some people for certain situations, certain topics, where you should not listen to them because they're conflicted. 00:15:43.012 --> 00:15:45.552 And it doesn't mean they're bad, doesn't mean they're sinful or evil. 00:15:45.552 --> 00:15:54.552 It just means that they have an internal problem to resolve, and that's for them, but they can't participate in the conversation that we're having here. 00:15:57.032 --> 00:16:07.232 So here at the outset of this episode, I want to note that we are not going to be addressing specific sections of scripture in this episode. 00:16:08.852 --> 00:16:15.072 I know that some of you want us to cite a verse for absolutely everything we say. 00:16:15.072 --> 00:16:23.692 This is a tendency that has become very common in the modern church, and it's simply not Christian. 00:16:23.692 --> 00:16:26.372 It's not rational, but it's also not Christian. 00:16:27.752 --> 00:16:36.692 Scripture does not speak to every single issue of human life, because that's not the point of scripture. 00:16:36.692 --> 00:16:46.732 Insofar as scripture addresses a topic, it is absolutely correct, and it is binding on the Christian, assuming, of course, it's not just a narrative passage of scripture. 00:16:46.732 --> 00:16:53.152 There are sections of scripture that simply relay history without passing judgment, at least explicitly, on it. 00:16:54.272 --> 00:17:01.132 But those parts that speak about morality and matters like that are, of course, absolutely true and binding. 00:17:02.572 --> 00:17:17.052 And to some degree, scripture does speak on this issue in a tangential way, and we've gone over that in previous episodes, because, of course, we've addressed the issues of speaking the truth, we've addressed the issue of lying, various things related to that. 00:17:17.052 --> 00:17:21.012 And so scripture does speak on tangential issues, and we've addressed those. 00:17:21.012 --> 00:17:22.772 You can go back and listen to those episodes. 00:17:23.312 --> 00:17:26.332 In particular, the one on truth and lies. 00:17:27.932 --> 00:17:40.212 But that's not exactly what we're addressing in this episode, because we are not necessarily addressing instances in which men are lying, in which they are distorting the truth. 00:17:40.212 --> 00:17:57.492 What we're addressing, as well as emphasized there in the opening, is there are instances in which a man may have competing interests, and he may speak in a certain way, even if it is not untruthful, that may very well be biased in some way. 00:17:57.492 --> 00:18:03.192 And so you have to take that into account, and that leads into another point that I want to make here. 00:18:03.192 --> 00:18:05.772 This is a matter of wisdom. 00:18:05.772 --> 00:18:07.512 Unavoidably so. 00:18:07.512 --> 00:18:13.872 This is not one of those instances where we can give you a bunch of black letter law, as it were. 00:18:13.872 --> 00:18:22.692 We can't give you a hierarchy of rules, and you simply run down this list, and then you come to an absolute conclusion on the matter. 00:18:24.372 --> 00:18:27.472 That's not how life works in many things. 00:18:28.792 --> 00:18:35.592 And again, to emphasize, Scripture does not speak explicitly on every single issue. 00:18:35.592 --> 00:18:40.912 Before we started recording, we were talking about the fact that Scripture doesn't really address the issue of, say, cooking. 00:18:40.912 --> 00:18:41.772 There are others as well. 00:18:41.772 --> 00:18:46.132 Scripture doesn't tell you exactly what to do with your wife on your wedding night. 00:18:46.132 --> 00:18:47.712 But there are matters that are not addressed. 00:18:47.712 --> 00:18:50.172 They are left to human wisdom. 00:18:50.172 --> 00:18:52.792 Because God has given us wisdom. 00:18:52.792 --> 00:18:54.412 That is one of the gifts of God. 00:18:54.412 --> 00:18:57.252 It is given unequally, of course. 00:18:57.252 --> 00:18:59.192 But it is given to all men. 00:18:59.192 --> 00:19:07.432 And insofar as you've been given a measure of that, it is incumbent on you to exercise it, particularly in matters like this. 00:19:08.652 --> 00:19:16.972 And so when you're assessing how you should take the statements of another man, there are certain things that come into play. 00:19:16.972 --> 00:19:22.432 One of those is whether or not he has an interest in what he is saying. 00:19:23.852 --> 00:19:33.852 Now, of course, I'm not speaking of just the general interest in being right, because you could very well be dealing with someone who's just argumentative and doing it for the sake of arguing. 00:19:33.852 --> 00:19:43.732 But beyond that interest in being right or winning the argument, whatever it happens to be, the man could be speaking in a completely objective fashion. 00:19:43.732 --> 00:19:46.552 It could be completely academic disinterested. 00:19:46.552 --> 00:19:57.672 The only desire is to arrive at the truth of the matter, say, a purely philosophical conversation, which all parties are being forthright, being entirely honest. 00:20:00.652 --> 00:20:03.812 But by and large, that's not how human beings operate. 00:20:03.812 --> 00:20:10.592 This is to some degree touching at the edges, as it were, of the Enlightenment, which we will eventually get to do it. 00:20:10.592 --> 00:20:13.932 We will eventually get to addressing the Enlightenment. 00:20:13.932 --> 00:20:16.272 But men are not tabula rasa. 00:20:16.272 --> 00:20:18.012 You're not a blank slate. 00:20:18.012 --> 00:20:28.612 You don't come into this world, and you certainly don't become an actual adult human being without having a background, without having certain interests. 00:20:28.612 --> 00:20:39.272 And some of those interests are going to play into how you present your arguments, how you choose the words you use to present those arguments, for instance. 00:20:39.272 --> 00:20:44.572 And that should be taken into account by other men when they hear your arguments. 00:20:44.572 --> 00:20:54.212 Again, as Woe said, that's not to say that these men are necessarily being dishonest or misleading, although that can certainly come into play here. 00:20:54.212 --> 00:21:02.432 Because a man can have conflicted or conflicting interests without being dishonest about it. 00:21:02.432 --> 00:21:04.532 Part of this is, of course, a matter of disclosure. 00:21:04.532 --> 00:21:07.812 Other disclosures are by and large a good thing. 00:21:07.812 --> 00:21:12.732 We have them up and down our legal and our social system for very good reason. 00:21:13.772 --> 00:21:28.872 If you have a financial interest in something, and you are in a position to enact, say, some regulation or some law with regard to that financial interest, it is important that you disclose that. 00:21:28.872 --> 00:21:32.572 Because it should be taken into account that you have this interest. 00:21:33.112 --> 00:21:41.292 It's one of the reasons that sometimes we use what's called a blind trust in order to distance a man from having these sorts of conflicts. 00:21:41.292 --> 00:21:53.152 Because, for instance, if you know all of your financial positions and you are the lawmaker or you are the regulator, then you do have a conflict of interest. 00:21:53.152 --> 00:22:08.292 And the reason that you have that conflict is because you know in the back of your mind, if I do this thing that my job requires me to do, that objectively I need to do, I am going to harm my financial position. 00:22:08.292 --> 00:22:12.092 And as Woe said, that's not necessarily a bad consideration. 00:22:12.092 --> 00:22:19.972 Because as a man, you have a duty to care for your family, you have a duty to care for yourself as well, but you have a duty to care for your wife and your children. 00:22:19.972 --> 00:22:24.432 And so having an interest in that is not in and of itself bad. 00:22:27.092 --> 00:22:31.392 But when you have that conflict, you are going to have to choose. 00:22:31.392 --> 00:22:35.092 In some cases, obviously, the choice is easier than in others. 00:22:35.092 --> 00:22:43.552 If you are a regulator, you are supposed to choose the objective path, because you are supposed to do what is, in this case, right. 00:22:43.552 --> 00:22:49.172 And so you can't side with your own financial interest because it is a financial interest. 00:22:49.172 --> 00:22:58.592 But the disclosure, on the one hand, helps to guard against that, because it gives other men information necessary to assess what you are doing. 00:22:58.592 --> 00:23:16.252 On the other hand, the instrument of a blind trust, how that works for those who aren't aware, is that your financial positions are put into a trust that is then managed by another man or entity, and you do not know your own financial positions. 00:23:16.252 --> 00:23:26.912 You know that you have a certain amount of money, and you can look at the performance numbers, but you don't know, for instance, that you are holding Apple stock or Microsoft stock or whatever it happens to be. 00:23:26.912 --> 00:23:34.972 And so if you are a regulator, regulating those companies, you don't have that conflict of interest because you don't know. 00:23:34.972 --> 00:23:40.792 You can't have the bias because you don't know that you hold that specific financial position. 00:23:40.792 --> 00:23:44.212 It's an instrument we use in order to address this issue. 00:23:46.232 --> 00:23:50.272 This is also something that comes up obviously all over the legal system. 00:23:51.072 --> 00:23:57.652 In a particular way, it comes up with regard to witnesses in the civil courts and also in the criminal courts. 00:23:58.712 --> 00:24:21.732 It's what's called impeachment, not in the sort of grand sense of removing a man from office, for instance, the president, but in the sense of impeaching the testimony of a witness, which is to say casting doubt on what he has said, or at least giving the jury, the finder of fact, information with regard to that testimony. 00:24:21.732 --> 00:24:26.032 There are a number of ways this is done in the civil courts. 00:24:26.032 --> 00:24:40.172 Primarily, it would be to introduce factual evidence that proves a contradiction, introducing a prior inconsistent statement, the witness has said something in the past that is inconsistent with what he has said on the stand. 00:24:40.172 --> 00:24:47.072 In some limited instances, you can introduce character evidence, which is basically saying, this man is a liar, you shouldn't trust him. 00:24:47.072 --> 00:24:48.192 That's very limited. 00:24:48.192 --> 00:24:49.212 The rules are complicated. 00:24:49.212 --> 00:24:51.072 It's not the issue for today. 00:24:52.772 --> 00:24:54.412 And the other one is bias. 00:24:54.412 --> 00:24:56.312 Those are the four big ones. 00:24:56.312 --> 00:24:59.232 Bias is the one we're really dealing with here. 00:24:59.232 --> 00:25:02.112 And bias is not necessarily a bad thing. 00:25:02.112 --> 00:25:07.972